South East Asia Colonial History V1 by Paul Kratoska

Author:Paul Kratoska [Kratoska, Paul]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781000558166
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Published: 2022-01-27T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1 Cf. Nicholas P. Cushner, Spain in the Philippines. From Conquest to Revolution (Manila, Tokyo, Rutland, 1971), esp. Ch. 5, 'Tributes and Labor.'

2 What follows is based mainly on Juan de Plasencia, O. F. M., 'Customs of the Tagalogs,' in Emma Blair and James A. Robertson, The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 (hereinafter cited BR) (Cleveland, 1903–1909), VII, 174–175; and F. Landa Jocano, 'The Philippines at Spanish Contact: An Essay in Ethno-history,' in Brown Heritage, ed. A. Manuud (Quezon City, 1968), p. 51.

3 Debt slavery becomes more understandable when one recalls that the barangay existed on a subsistence economy, i.e. only enough of the staple crop was grown which was required for the barangay's consumption and for seed for the next planting. There was no surplus. Hence, borrowed rice was in effect seed rice. It was thought just that the borrower should return not only the quantity borrowed but a quantity bearing some relationship to what the rice would have produced had it been planted. Inability to do so justified a lien on services. The practice was probably extended to other commodities. For other reasons for slavery, see Pedro Chirino, Relación de las Islas Filipinas (Rome, 1604), Ch. 46.

4 Frank Lynch, S. J., 'Tempo and Mode in Social Mobility,' unpublished paper given at the Second Biennial Conference of International Association of Historians of Asia, Taipei, 6–9 October 1962.

5 It is interesting to note how the Aztec aristocracy of Mexico was absorbed into the lower echelons of the Spanish Bureaucracy to act as a buffer between the conquerors and the conquered. See Charles Gibson, 'The Aztec Aristocracy in Colonial Mexico,' Comparative Studies in Society and History, II (1960), 169–196; and the same author's The Aztecs under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 (Stanford, 1964).

6 In the nineteenth century the functions of the cabeza de barangay became more complicated. But by this time the barangay ceased being a kinship unit, and had become merely a political unit of society. This was in great part due to increased mobility of the population. See Manuel Azcarraga y Palermo, La reforma del municipio indigena (Madrid, 1871).

7 7 November 1574, Archivo General de Indias (hereinafter cited AGI), Filipinas, 339, Tomo I, fol. 58.

8 The Actas of the Synod have recently been published. 'Actas del Primer Sinodo de Manila, 1582–1586,' Philippiniana Sacra (Manila), IV (1969), 425–537.

9 24 November 1601, AGI, Indifferente, 428.

10 AGI, Filipinas, 30.

11 Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias (1791), Book VI, Title 12, Law 43.

12 For some accusations see, Philip III to Governor Fajardo, Madrid, 2 June 1639, AGI, Filipinas, 100; AGI, Filipinas, 339, Tomo 3, Fols. 64–65, Tomo 5, fols. 18–21; also the cedula of 5 March 1653, AGI, Filipinas, 74, ramo 7, no. 232.

13 The Jesuits and Dominicans were frequent targets of criticism for their activity in the Galleon Trade. Unfortunately there is no account, scholarly or otherwise, of how the religious orders financed their missionary activity and social welfare programs. Much of the

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